José Esteban Muñoz (1967–2013) was a Cuban-American performance studies scholar at New York University whose work centered the cultural production and survival strategies of queers of color. His two major books — Disidentifications (1999) and Cruising Utopia (2009) — define two poles of queer-of-color thought: tactical engagement with a hostile present, and insistence on a future that has not yet arrived.
Core ideas
- Disidentification: in Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics (1999), Muñoz described a mode of navigating dominant ideology that is neither assimilation (identification with the norm) nor rejection (counter-identification) but a third path — working on and against dominant codes simultaneously, recycling and repurposing encoded meaning. The concept was developed through analyses of queer-of-color performers, video artists, and writers.
- Queer utopia: in Cruising Utopia: The Then and There of Queer Futurity (2009), Muñoz argued against Lee Edelman’s antisocial thesis, insisting that queerness is not the negation of futurity but an insistence on a futurity that has not yet arrived. Queerness is “not yet here” — a horizon, not a present state. This is not naïve optimism but a political demand: the insistence that the present is not enough, that another world is necessary and possible.
Notable works
- Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics (1999)
- Cruising Utopia: The Then and There of Queer Futurity (2009)
Related
- Queer-of-color critique — the tradition he belongs to
- Disidentification — the concept he develops
- Lee Edelman — whose antisocial thesis Muñoz contests
- Roderick Ferguson — fellow queer-of-color theorist
- Cathy Cohen — whose reframing of queer politics intersects with Muñoz’s work