Ontological Turn
Ontological Turn
A movement that emerged in the early 2000s, bridging Western philosophy and Indigenous ontologies. It sits at the top level of philosophy (not under western/) because it names the encounter itself — the moment when Western thought recognizes that its ontology is one among many rather than the neutral ground.
Key thinkers: Eduardo Viveiros de Castro (perspectivism, multinaturalism), Philippe Descola (four ontological modes), Bruno Latour (actor-network theory). Each challenges the assumption that there is one nature and many cultures.