Collective care is an internal group practice of supporting participants’ needs, communication, and well-being so that disaster response can continue without consuming its own people [@fernandesjesus2021; @madrjoin2022].

Within emergent disaster response, the term matters because grassroots work can fail not only from outside pressure but from exhaustion, isolation, and silent overload inside the group. Fernandes-Jesus and coauthors identify a culture of care and support as one of the group process strategies that helped mutual-aid groups sustain involvement over time [@fernandesjesus2021].

Collective care includes regular check-ins, attention to participants’ needs, supportive norms, and spaces where strain can be made visible before it hardens into burnout or withdrawal.